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The concept of childhood [[gender]] nonconformity assumes that there is a correct way to be a girl or a boy. There are a number of social and developmental perspectives that explore how children come to identify with a particular gender and engage in activities that are associated with this gender role.
'''Psychoanalytic theories''' of gender emphasize that children begin to identify with the parent, and that girls tend to identify with their mothers and boys with their fathers. The identification is often associated with the child’s realization that they do not share the same [[sex organ|genitals]] with both parents. This discovery leads to penis envy in girls and [[castration]] anxiety in boys. Freud’s theories are valuable in that they sparked new conversations surrounding [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and gender. However, there is not much [[empirical research|empirical evidence]] to back up Freud’s theories. {{citation needed}}
'''Social learning theory''' emphasizes the rewards and punishments that children receive for sex appropriate or inappropriate behaviours. One of the criticisms of [[social learning theory]] is that it assumes that children are passive, rather than active participants in their [[social environment]].
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